Regulating mechanism for furnaces.



'A. W. PUDDINGTON. REGULATING MEGHANISM FOR FURNACES.

APPLICATION IILBI) AUG, 29, 1907.

912,61 6. Patented Feb. 16,1909. 2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

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A. W. PUDDINGTON. REGULATING MECHANISM FOR FIIRNAOES. I APPLIQATION FILED AUG. 29, 1907. 91 2,61 6, Patented Feb. 16, 1909.

2 BHEETS-SHEET 2.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFIGEI.

ARTHUR W. PUDDINGTON, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO.

RE GULATIN G 311E CHANISM FOR FURNACES.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ARTHUR W. PUDDING- TON, a citizen of the United States, residing at'Cleveland, in the county of Cuyahoga and State of Ohio, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement in Regulating Mechanism for Furnaces, of which the following is a full, clear, and eXact description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings.

This invention relates to mechanism for supplying combustible fluid to furnaces at, and for a predetermined length of time after, the operation of stolring the same for the purpose of supplying to the excess of unconsumed carbon then present the excess of combustible fluid necessary to insure the burning of such fuel without the develop ment of smoke.

It has been proposed heretofore to accomplish the general results set forth, but the object of my invention is to render such devices 'more certain and reliable in operation; to

provide means whereby the valve mechanism which controls the supply of fluid to the furnace may be opened positively by the pressure of said fluid and be closed by the pressure of fluid acting in an opposite direction from the first mentioned fluid; to provide improved means whereby such mechanism may be operated directly by the furnace doors; and, in general, to improve and simplify the construction of devices of this character.

Generally speaking, the invention may be defined as consisting of the combinations of elements embodied in the claims hereto anneXed and illustrated, in one form, in the drawings forming a part hereof, wherein Figure 1 represents a front elevation of a furnace having my apparatus applied thereto; Fig. 2 represents a side elevation of the valve mechanism which furnishes the supply of injector fluid to the furnace, with the associated supporting and operating parts; Fig. 3 represents an enlarged vertical sectional view of the device shown in Fig. 2; Fig. 4 represents an enlarged bottom plan view of the device shown in 2; Fig. 5 represents an enlarged sectional detail of one of the air valves or dampers which may be employed with my apparatus; and Fig. 6 represents an enlarged sectional detail of the equalizing valve and its associated parts.

Describing the parts by reference numerals, 1 denotes a furnace, the same being pro- Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed August 29, 1907.

Patented Feb. 16, 1909.

Serial No. 390,582.

' vided with fire doors 2, above which there is located a plurality of air injectors 3 adapted to automatically supply air to the fire boX of the furnace in the manner hereinafter described. The air injectors 3 are connected with a common steam pipe 4 which taps the steam dome 5 of the boiler.

Each of the injectors 3 may be constructed as shown in Fig. 5 of the drawing and described in detail and claimed in my application No. 851,045, filed January 27th, 1907. Generally speaking, each injector comprises a casing 6, having the front end threaded for application to the furnace and being provided with a nozzle 7 adapted to inject steam or other fluid supplied through the injector branch pipe 8, said branch pipe being provided with a thread for connection with a tee 9 carried by the pi e 4. The shell 6 is provided with a plura ity of segmental slots 10 adjacent to the outer end thereof and is provided outside of or beyond said slots with a head 11 which is mounted on the pipe section 8. Within the casing 6 there is located a damper ring 12 which slidably engages the inner surface of the casing and is adapted to close or open the slots 10 according to its position. The damper ring is provided with a head 13 which terminates in a central hub 14 surrounding the sleeve 15 which is slidably mounted on the pipe section 8, the sleeve being provided with a flange 16, against which the cap rests, and with a clamping nut 17 which screws onto the sleeve and clamps the inner face of said hub. Sleeve 15 carries the nozzle 7, which is shown as provided with a hollow head having a restricted orifice 18. The inner end of pipe 8 is provided with an outwardly projecting flange 19, which is adapted to receive the inwardly directed flange 20 at the rear or outer end of sleeve 15 and form a stop therefor. Bolts 21 pass through the head 11 and damper ring 13 and are screwed into the front of easing 6. Surrounding these bolts and interposed between the damper ring and the casing are springs 22, which tend to force the ring outwardly.

As described in my application hereinbefore referred to, when steam or other fluid is admitted under pressure into the pipe section 8, it passes in a jet through the orifice 18 into the furnace. Owing to the restriction of the orifice, the pressure within the head 7 forces the nozzle inwardly,

carrying with it the damper ring 12 and uncovering the segmental slots 10 more or less. Air entrained by the jet issuing from orifice 18 rushes in through the segmental 0 enings and through the apertures 13 in tffe head 13 and through the inner end of easing 6. As soon as the jet stops, the springs 22 return the damper ring to cut-off position. The damper mechanism above described is set forth and claimed in my application No. 351,045 above referred to and, in its details, forms no part of this application.

Pipe 4 is provided with a valve casing 23 interposed between the steam dome and the injector nozzles. This casing, as shown, is of the globe-valve type and is provided with an inwardly tapered seat 24 for the correspondingly tapered end of valve 25. This valve is mounted on a stem 26 which extends through the casing and through the packing gland 27 carried thereby. Below the valve casing there is located a cylinder 28, the lower end whereof is provided with a nipple 29, to which the pipe 30 is connected, preferably by being threaded into said nipple. Nipple 29 is provided at its lower end with the nut 31, the 1 urpose of which will be hereinafter descri%ed. The upper end of the cylinder is normally closed by a cap 32 having an aperture 33 therein and provided with a downwardly projecting flange 34 which slips over the upper end of the cylinder. Cap 32 is also provided with a central perforation for the reception of a rod 35. This rod is provided at its upper end with a cup-shaped'recess for the reception. of a tenon 36 on the lower end of va ve stem 26. When the valve is seated, the lower end of rod 35 projects a short distance below the top of the cap 32 and is there provided with a tenon 35*, which fits into a fork or yoke 37 provided at the upper end of a tubular connection 38, to which it may be secured, as by means of a cotter pin 39.

40 denotes a piston which is located within 7 the cylinder and is mounted on the connection 38, the lower end of said connection projecting below the central hub 41 of the piston and being threaded for the reception of a cap or nipple 42, the upper end of which engages the lower surface of hub 41, clamping said hub between itself and a shoulder 43 provided on the tubular connection 38. The piston 40 comprises a pair of spaced members between which is inserted the packing 44.

Connection 38 is provided with a central bore 45 extending from the bottom thereof to a point above the hub 41, said bore being contracted at its upper end and there communicating with a lateral port 46 which extends through the connection at a point above said hub. A short distance below port 46, the bore 45 is tapered to form a valve seat 47. Within the bore there is mounted a valve 48, the upper end whereof is tapered to engage the seat 47 and the lower inder 28 and below the piston 40 there is pro-' vided a float 50, the purpose of which will be hereinafter described.

The valve casing 23 is provided with hexagonal ends 24, as shown in Fig. 2, said ends being fitted in jaws 51 of the bracket 52. These jaws are so shaped as to receive and bear against three of the sides of the hexagonal ends 24 and project outwardly beyond the central portions of such ends, the outwardly projecting ends being provided with set screws 53 which are adapted to engage the beveled surfaces of said ends and thereby hold the valve casing firmly in position in the jaws. The bracket is provided with side flanges 54 which embrace the cylinder 28 and a bottom shelf 55, which projects outwardly beyond the center of the cylinder and is provided with a substantially U-sh'aped recess 56 for therecepticn of the nipple 29 on the lower end of the cylinder. Adjacent to its outer edge, the shelf 55 is provided with a pair of set screws 57 which are adapted to engage the bottom of the cylinder outside of or beyond the center thereof, and thereby tilt the same to enable the valve 25 and the longitudinal axis of the cylinder to be brought into perfect alinement. The nut 31 serves to clamp the bottom of the cylinder aga nst the shoulder 55 and screws 57.

58 denotes a small pipe, which is connected with cylinder 28 through pipe 30, as by means of a tee 59, and is provided with a valve 60. Pipe 58 is connected with any source of liquid supply, preferably a water main. Pipe 30 is branched at its lower end, the two branches 30 and 30 extending respectively above and below the flre doors 2 and merging into a common outlet pipe 30. Branch 30 is provided with a valve 61, the stem whereof is operatively connected with the hinge straps 62 of one of said doors, while branch 30 is provided with a similar valve 61 connected with the hinge straps 62 of the other door.

With the parts arranged as described, the operation will be as follows: The operator opens one or both fire doors 2, thereby opening the corresponding valve or valves 61, 61 Owing to the small capacity of pipe 58, which may be still further reduced by means of valve 60, the opening of either or both valves 61, 61 quickly drains the liquid irom the cylinder 28. The float 50 follows the falling liquid, and the pressure of fluid on top of valve 25, being now unbalanced, at once unseats said valve and admits fluid to the injectors 3. The downward movement of the piston 40 is limited by the nut 26*, which engages the upper end of the packing gland 27. As soon as float 50 moves away from the nipple 42, the air valve 48 is unseated, thereby placing the space below the piston 40 in communication with the atmosphere, equalizing the pressure above and below the piston, and enabling the liquid to be entirely and quickly withdrawn from the cylinder. The fluid flowing through the nozzles 7 entrains air in a well known manner. On closing the furnace door ordoors, valves 61, 61 are shut, and the draining of pipe 30 and cylinder 28 ceases, but the valve 25 will remain open and the injectors will remain in operation until such time as the liquid supplied through pipe 58 lifts the float 50 into engagement with the lower end of valve stem and closes the valve 48. The pressure below the pis ton 40 then elevates the same to a height to bring the valve 25 against its seat. The provision of the valve 48 and the packing of piston 40 prevents any liquid from leaking out of the cylinder 28. The length of time during which the air-supplying mechanism will operate may be regulated by means of the valve 60. If it is desired to disassemble the cylinder, as for the purpose of putting new packing in piston 40, 'it is only necessary to slide the cap 32 upward on red 35, withdraw cotter pin 39, and swing tenon 35 out of the yoke 37. The rod 35 may then be withdrawn from tenon 36, and the piston may be withdrawn and repacked without the necessity for further interference with the mechanism.

From the above description, it is apparent that I have provided simple and effective mechanism whereby the supply of fluid to furnaces may be regulated. Nhile I have described my invention in detail, it will be obvious that the details described may be departed from more or less without avoiding the spirit of my invention, and hence I do not propose to be limited to such details except as the same may be embodied in the claims hereto annexed or may be rendered necessary by the state of the prior art.

Having described my invention, 1 claim:

1. The combination, with a furnace, of means for supplying fluid thereto to promote combustion therein, said means comprising a supply pipe for such fluid, a valve controlling the how of fluid through said pipe and arranged to be subjected to the pressure of fluid in said pipe acting in a direction to open said valve, a movable device arranged to move the valve in a direction to close the same, means for exerting pressure on said device in a direction to seat said valve, and means for relieving the pressure on said device to permit the valve to be opened by the pressure of fluid in the supply pipe, substantially as specified.

The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe communicating therewith and adapted to supply fluid thereto, a valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder, a piston in the said cylinder connected with said valve, a fluid supply pipe communicating with said cylinder and adapted to supply fluid thereto to operate the said piston in a direction to seat said valve, and means for draining or removing the fluid from said cylinder and thereby relieving the pressure on the piston to permit said valve to be opened by the pressure of fluid inthe former pipe, substantially as specified.

3. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe communicating therewith and adapted to supply fluid thereto, a valve in said pipe arranged to be subjected to the pressure of fluid therein acting in a direction to unseat said valve, a cylinder, a piston in said cyl inder, a connection between said piston and said valve, a liquid supply pipe communicating 'ith said cylinder and adapted to operate the piston to hold the valve against its seat, a pipe for draining said cylinder, a valve in said pipe, a furnace door, and a connection between said door and the last mentioned valve whereby the opening of the door will open said valve, substantially as specified.

4. The combination, with a furnace, of a supply pipe communicating therewith and adapted to supply fluid thereto, a valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder, a piston therein, a connection between said piston and said valve, a supply pipe of restricted area for supplying fluid to said cylinder to operate the piston in a direction to hold the valve seated, a drain pipe of relatively large area communicating with said cylinder, a valve in said pipe, a furnace door, and a con nection between said door and the last mentioned valve, whereby the opening of the door will open said valve, substantially as specified.

5. The combination, with a furnace, of a supply pipe communicating therewith and adapted to supply fluid thereto, a valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder, a piston therein, a connection between said piston and said valve, a supply pipe of restricted area for supplying fluid to said cylinder to operate the piston in a direction to hold the valve seated, a drain pipe of relatively large area communicating with said cylinder and a valve in said pipe, substantially as specified.

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6. The combination, with a furnace, of a pi )e for supplying fluid to said furnace, a va ve in said pipe arranged to be 0 ened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cy inder, a piston in said cylinder connected with said valve, means for supplying fluid to said cylinder to operate the piston in a direction to hold the valve seated, means for draining said cylinder to relieve the pressure operating upon the piston to seat the valve, the means for supplying pressure fluid to the cylinder and for draining the same being so noportioned that an appreciable time will be required for the restoration of pressure within the cylinder after the draining means has ceased to operate, substantially as specified.

7. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto, said pipe having a valve therein arranged to be opened downwardly by the pressure of the fluid in said pipe, a cylinder located below said valve, a piston in said cylinder, a connection between said piston and said valve, a drain pipe of relatively large area communicating with sald cylinder below said piston, a supply pipe of relatively small area also communicating with said cylinder below said piston, a drain valve in the larger pipe, a furnace door, and a connection between said door and said drain valve whereby the opening of the door will open the valve, substantially as s ecified.

8. The com ination, with a furnace, of a ipe for supplying fluid thereto, said pipe liaving a valve therein arranged to be opened by the pressure of the fluid in said pipe, a cylinder, a piston in said cylinder, a-connec tion between said piston and said valve, a branched drain pipe of relatively large area communicating with said cylinder, a supply pipe of relatively small area also communicating with said cylinder, a valve in each branch of the drain pipe, a plurality of furnace doors, and a connection between each door and one of the last mentioned valves whereby the opening of a door will open such valve, substantially as s pecifled.

9. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe adapted to supply fluid thereto, a valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by the pressure of the fluid therein, a piston connected with said valve, a cylinder for said piston, a valved pipe communicating with said cylinder and adapted to supply fluid thereto to operate the piston in a direction to close said valve, and a pipe communicating with said cylinder and having a valve by means of which the pressure of the fluid in the cylinder may be relieved to permit the first mentioned valve to be opened by the pressure of the fluid in its pipe, substantially as specified.

10. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying pressure fluid thereto,

said pipe having a valve therein arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid in said pipe, a cylinder having a piston therein and connected with said valve, means for su plying liquid to said cylinder to 0 erate tie iston in a direction to seat the va ve, means for relieving the pressure on the piston, and means for automatically equalizing the pressure on both sides of the piston, substantially as specified.

11. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto, said pipe having a valve arranged to be opened by-the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder, a piston in said cylinder connected with said valve, means for supplying pressure fluid to said cylinder to operate the piston in a direction to seat said valve, means for relieving the pressure of the latter fluid upon the piston, an air supplying duct extending throiigh'said piston, a valve in said duct, and means for automatically opening said valve by the act of draining the cylinder, substantially as specified.

12. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto, said pipe being provided with a valve arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder, a piston in said cylinder connected with said valve, means for supplying liquid to said cylinder to operate the piston in a direction to close the valve, means for draining the cylinder, a duct extending through said piston, a valve in said duct, and a float in the cylinder arranged to close said valve, substantially as specified.

13. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto, said pipe having a valve arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder below said valve, a piston in said cylinder connected with said valve, means for supplying fluid to the cylinder below said piston, an air duct extending through said piston, an upwardly seating valve in said duct, a float in said cylinder below said piston and adapted to engage said valve and seat the same, and means for draining said cylinder, substantially as specified.

14. The combination of a supply pipe, a valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder below said pipe having a perforated headia piston in said cylinder below said head having an air duct for equalizing the pressure on both sides thereof, a connection between said piston and the valve in the supply pipe,

a valve in the air duct, means for supplying fluid under pressure to the cylinder below the piston, a movable member operated by fluid supplied to the cylinder and arranged to close the air valve, and means for relieving the pressure of the fluid in the cylinder, substantially as specified.

15. The combination of a supply pipe, a

valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by I bracket being provided at one end with the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder below said valve, a piston in said cylinder connected with said valve, there being a vertically extending air duct extending through said piston, an upwardly seating valve controlling said duct and provided with an operating stem, a float in the cylinder below the piston, a liquid supply pipe communicating with said cylinder below said piston, and a drain pipe communicating with the cylinder below the piston, substantially as specified.

16. The combination of a supply pipe, a valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a cylinder below said valve, a piston in said cylinder, a connection between said piston and said valve, said connection comprising a tubular member projecting through the piston and having a lateral port communicating with the space above the piston and having at its lower end a cap provided with a central perforation and also having below the lateral port a valve seat, a valve in said tubular member cooperating with said seat and having a stem projecting through the central opening in the cap, a pipe adapted to supply liquid to the cylinder below the piston, a drain pipe communicating with said cylinder below the piston, and a float in said cylinder arranged to engage the valve stem and seat the valve, substantially as specified.

17. The combination, with a supply pipe, of a valve in said pipe, said valve comprising a casing having an angular projection at one end thereof, a fluid receptacle having a member for operating said valve, and a bracket for said valve and receptacle, said bracket being provided with aws adapted to receive the angular projections on the valve casing, adjusting screws in said jaws adapted to engage the outer portions of said projections and a shelf adapted to support the lower end of the receptacle, substantially as specified.

18. The combination of a supply pipe having a valve therein, said valve comprising a casing having at the ends thereof angular projections, a fluid receptacle having a member connected with said valve for operating the same, a bracket for supporting the valve casing and the receptacle, said bracket being provided with a pair of jaws, each adapted to receive at its inner ends a portion of an angular projection and each being provided with one or more set screws adapted to engage the inclined surface of the projection beyond or outside of the center of said projection, said bracket having means for supporting said receptacle, substantially as specified.

19. The combination of a supply pipe, a a valve therein, said valve comprising a casing, a fluid receptacle having a member adapted to operate said valve, and a bracket for said receptacle and valve casing, said means for engaging the valve casing and having a shelf whereon the receptacle may rest, and set screws in said shelf adapted to engage the end of the receptacle outside or beyond the center thereof, substantially as specified.

20. The combination of a supply pipe, a valve therein comprising a valve casing, a cylinder, a fluid receptacle having a member connected with said valve, a bracket for supporting the valve and receptacle, said bracket being provided at its upper end with means for retaining the valve casing in position and having at its lower end a shelf adapted to receive the lower end of the receptacle, said shelf being provided with an aperture extending inwardly from the outer edge thereof and said receptacle being provided with a connection adapted to fit in said recess, a clamp nut on said connection, and adjusting screws on each side of said recess and adjacent to the outer edge thereof, said screws being adapted to engage the bottom of the receptacle beyond or outside of the center thereof, substantially as specified.

21. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe communicating therewith and adapted to supply fluid thereto, a valve controlling the flow of fluid through said pipe and subjected to the pressure of fluid in said pipe tending to open the same, a second fluid supply pipe, connections whereby said valve is subjected to the pressure of fluid in the latter pipe acting in a direction to close the same, and means for relieving the pressure of fluid supplied by the second pipe acting to close the valve, substantially as specified.

22. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe communicating therewith, and adapted to supply fluid thereto, a valve controlling the flow of fluid through said pipe and subjected to the pressure of fluid in said pipe tending to open the same, a second fluid supply pipe, connections whereby said valve is subjected to the pressure of fluid in the latter pipe acting in a direction to close the same, means for relieving the pressure of fluid supplied by the second pipe actingto close the valve, a furnace door, and connections whereby the opening of said door will operate said relieving means, substantially as specified.

23. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto to promote combustion therein, a valve in said pipe, a fluid receptacle having a member movable by the pressure of fluid therein, means for supplying fluid under pressure to said receptacle, means for draining said receptacle, a connection between said member and said valve arranged to seat said valve by the movement of the member due to the supply of pressure fluid to said receptacle, and means for supplying fluid to said receptacle for the purpose of operating said member toward said valve.

24. The combination, with a furnace, of a supply pipe communicating therewith and ada ted to supply fluid thereto, a valve in said pipe arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a fluid receptacle aving a movable member therein, a connection between said member and said valve, a supply pipe of restricted area for sup lying fluid to said receptacle to operate sai member in a direction to hold the valve seated, a drain pipe of relatively large area communicating with said receptacle, and a valve in said pipe.

25. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto to promote combustion therein, a valve in said pipe, a fluid receptacle having a movable member, means for supplying fluid to said receptacle to operate said member, a connectlon between said member and said valve, the parts being arranged to close the valve through the movement of said member by the pressure of fluid in said receptacle, means for relieving the pressure within said receptacle, and means for equalizing the pressure on both sides of said member.

'26. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto to promote combustion therein, a valve in said pipe and arranged to be subjected to the pressure of fluid in said pipe acting in a direction to open said valve, a fluid receptacle having a member adapted to be moved by the pressure of the fluid in said receptacle, means for supplying fluid under pressure to said rece tacle, means for relievin the pressure of iiiiid in said receptacle, connections between said member and said valve whereby the movement of said member by the pressure of the fluid therein seats said valve, and a valve in said member for equalizing the pressure on both sides thereof.

27. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying pressure fluid thereto, said pipe having a valve therein, a fluid receptacle having a member therein adapted to be moved by the pressure of the fluid supplied to said receptacle and connected with said valve, .,means for supplying fluid to said receptacle to operate said member in a direction to seat said valve, means for relieving the pressure of fluid on said member, and means for automatically equalizing the-pressure on both sides of said member.

28. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto, said pipe aving a valve arranged to be opened by the pressure of fluid therein, a'receptacle, means for supplying fluid to said receptacle, a

member adapted to be operated by the pressure of the fluid in said receptacle and connected with said valve to seat the same, a duct extending through said member, a

valve controlling said duct, means for re' moving fluid from said receptacle, and means for opening the latter valve to equalize the pressure on both sides of the said member.

29. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto, a valve in said pipe subjected to the pressure of the fluid therein, a receptacle, a member in said receptacle adapted to be operated by the 7 a receptacle below said valve, a movable member in said receptacle connected with said valve and having an air duct extending therethrough, an upwardly seating valve controlling said duct and provided with an operating stem, a float in said receptacle below the movable member, a liquid supply pipe communicating with said receptacle be ow said member, and a drain pipe also communicating with said receptacle below said member.

31. The combination, with a furnace, of a pipe for supplying fluid thereto, said pipe having a valve therein arranged to be opened downwardly by the pressure of the fluid in said pipe, a receptacle below said valve, a movable member in said receptacle, a connection between said member and said valve, a drain pipe of relatively large effective area communicating with said receptacle below said member, a supply pipe of relatively small effective area a so communicating with said receptacle below said member, a drain valve in the drain pipe, a furnace door, a connection between said door and said valve whereby the opening of the door will open said valve, and means for automatically equalizing the pressure on opposite sides of said member when said door has been opened.

In testimony whereof, I hereunto aflix my signature in the presence of two witnesses.

ARTHUR W. PUDDINGTON. Witnesses:

J. B. HULL, BRENNAN BEDEST. 

